4.3　Design Loads

Design loads shall include:

a)Internal pressure or external pressure;

b)Static head of liquid;

c)Weight of the column(including internals and packing)and contained fluid during normal operation or test;

d)Gravity loads from auxiliary equipment and insulation materials,lining,piping,handrails and platforms and etc;

e)Wind load and seismic load.

When required,the following loads shall be considered:

a)Action forces resulting from connected piping and other components;

b)Action forces due to temperature gradient or thermal expansion difference;

c)Impact load,including that resulting from sudden pressure fluctuation;

d)Reaction force resulting from impact,i.e.,reaction force resulting from fluid impact and etc;

e)Action force resulting from lifting operations.