U3 Medical Science and Health 医学与健康

Text Rudeness in Medical Settings Could Kill Patients

Imagine this:You're a cardiac surgeon who is pushing into the five-hour mark of a compl-i cated seven-hour surgery.You ask a nurse for a specific tool, and he drops it.It's now contaminated and useless.The nurse stands dumbstruck until you snap at him to hurry up, grab another tool, and stop being so clumsy.You were rude, but he deserved it, right? He'll get over the uncivil remark and everybody will move on.But according to a recent study, rude comments in high-pressure medical settings could have potentially deadly effects on patients.

The study shows that a rude comment from a third-party doctor decreased performance among doctors and nurses by more than 50 percent in an exercise involving a hypothetical life-or-death situation.“We found that rudeness damages your ability to think, manage information, and make decisions, ”said Amir Erez, an author on the study and a Huber Hurst professor of management at the University of Florida.“You can be highly motivated to work, but if rudeness damages your cognitive system then you can't function appropriately in a complex situation.And that hurts patients.”

Before beginning, the teams were informed that a leading ICU expert from the United States would be observing them via webcam.The researcher running the experiment then dialed a fake phone number and played a（prerecorded）message that was supposedly from the observer.The message informed half of the participants that he had observed other medical teams and was“not impressed with the quality of medicine in Israel, ”but told the control group simply that he had observed other teams, without making any rude comments or insults.Ten minutes into the simulation the teams were interrupted by another prerecorded message from the researcher.He told the control group that he hoped the workshop helped them improve as physicians; he told the other teams, however, that the Israeli physicians and nurses he'd been observing“wouldn't last a week”in his department.

The rudeness had dramatic effects.The teams who experienced it struggled to cooperate, communicate, and do their jobs effectively, all of which caused their performance to plummet:They misdiagnosed the illness; they forgot instructions; they didn't ventilate the patient well; they didn't ask for help when they needed it; doctors asked for the wrong medication, and nurses mixed the wrong medication.Overall, the rude comments appeared to cause a 52 percent difference in how well teams diagnosed the disease, as measured by three independent judges who were blind to the study's thesis, and a 43 percent difference in how well they treated it.In the real world, as Erez pointed out, these performance discrepancies could have made the difference between the patient living and dying.

This may seem dramatic, but it's well in line with prior research suggesting that while we'd like to think we can easily shrug off rudeness, this just isn't the case.These studies—including one Erez is a lead author on—suggest that disruptive behaviors like rudeness are so powerful because they spread like a contagion and sabotage a person's working memory, which plays a crucial role in our in-the-moment ability to learn, reason, comprehend, and recall information.

“Our results highlight the potential role of human interaction in medical treatment errors, indicating that occurrence of even a mild rudeness can have adverse consequences on the diagnostic and procedural performance of the team members, ”the authors of the study write.And they're clear about the ramifications, noting that these findings“show that even the mild incivility common in medical practice can have profound, if not devastating, effects on patient care.”

Reading Comprehension

1.It can be inferred that rudeness“kills”patients by ________.

[A]paralyzing the surgeon's ability to think and function

[B]exerting high mental and physical pressure on patients

[C]incurring the rude comment of a third-party doctor

[D]recreating a life-or-death situation which is not real

2.In the research, the experiment teams were told ________.

[A]they could record what was going on

[B]the observer would not make any comment

[C]they had to leave the job within a week

[D]their capability as physicians was deplorable

3.The negative comments make doctors and nurses ________.

[A]try harder but do worse

[B]feel embarrassed

[C]vent their anger on patients

[D]lose self-control

4.Previous research concludes that ________.

[A]we tend to ignore minor nuisances like rudeness

[B]rudeness impairs working memory and ability

[C]working memory plays a key role in patient care

[D]rudeness passes on to others like contagion

5.The word“ramification”in the last paragraph means ________.

[A]treatment

[B]remedy

[C]consequence

[D]performance

Notes

1.The study shows that...situation.（第二段）

在第二段这个句子中，third-party doctor指不属于参与实验的治疗小组的医生——甚至不属于他们所在医院的医生，third-party通常指one other than the principals involved in a transaction（交易的主要参与者之外的人），这里指医生、护士和病人之外的人。名词performance指工作表现，decrease...by指减少了多少，exercise这里实际上指研究者所做的实验。

2.This may seem dramatic...the case.（第五段）

在第五段这个句子中，be in line with意为“与……一致”, suggesting...the case是现在分词短语，修饰research，词组shrug off意为“摆脱，不予理睬”。

课文参考译文

医疗环境下的粗鲁可能伤害病人

想象一下：你是心外科医生，做一个复杂的七小时手术已经五个小时了。你要求护士拿给你某个工具，工具掉到地上了。工具脏了，没法用了。护士站在那里吓得目瞪口呆，直到你呵斥他抓紧时间拿另外一个工具来，别再这么笨拙。你很粗鲁，他也活该，对吧？他会忘记你不礼貌的话，每个人都得继续做其他事。但是，根据最近一项研究的结果，在高压的医疗环境下说粗话对病人可能产生致命影响。

这项研究表明，在一场假设的涉及生死的情境中，第三方医生所做的粗鲁评论能把医生和护士的表现减损超过50%。发表这项研究的一个作者Admir Erez是佛罗里达大学胡伯尔·赫斯特管理学教授。他说，“我们发现粗鲁损伤你思考、管理信息和作决定的能力。你可能工作劲头高涨，但是如果粗鲁损伤你的认知系统，那么你在复杂情景下就不能正常工作。而且，这对病人有害。”

开始研究之前，受试小组被告知，美国的一名ICU著名专家将通过网络摄像机观察他们。然后，做实验的研究者拨打一个假的号码，放一段预先录制好的谎称是来自那位观察者的讯息。讯息告诉一半的参与者他观察了另外的医疗小组，“认为以色列医疗水平不怎么样”，但是他仅仅告诉控制组他在观察其他小组，但没有作出任何粗鲁的评论或侮辱。这样模拟了十分钟之后，各小组被研究者预先录制好的另外一个讯息打断。他告诉控制组他希望研习活动有助于提高他们作为医生的水平；然而，他告诉另外的小组他正在观察的以色列医生和护士在他的部门“待不了一周”。

粗鲁产生了戏剧般效果。经受过粗鲁评价的各组极力想配合、交流、有效地工作，结果这些努力却造成了他们工作表现直线下降：他们错误诊断病情，忘记了指令，没有给病人及时输氧，需要帮助的时候没有请求帮助，有的医生要错了药，护士配错了药。总的来说，根据三位独立裁判的评判——他们不知道这项研究的主题，粗鲁评价在医生能否有效诊断疾病上似乎造成了52%的差，在治疗疾病上造成43%的差。Erez指出，这些工作表现上的差可能造成病人生死之差。

这看上去似乎富有戏剧性，但是这与以前的研究是非常一致的，因为以前的研究表明，虽然我们倾向于认为自己能轻易摆脱粗话的影响，事实并非如此。这些研究——包括Erez主持的这项研究——表明，像粗言这样的破坏性行为影响强大，因为它们像传染病一样传播，破坏人的工作记忆，而工作记忆在我们学习、推理、理解和提取信息的实时能力中起着关键作用。

发表这项研究的作者们写道，“我们的结果强调了在医疗错误中人际互动的潜在作用，它们表明，哪怕是有一点轻微的粗鲁，都可能对医疗组成员的诊断和程序表现产生负面影响。”而且，他们很明白产生的后果，他们指出，这些发现“表明，在医疗过程中即使发生轻微的不礼貌行为，对病人的治疗产生的后果也是深远的——如果不是灾难性的”。

答案与题解

1.[A] 意为：伤害外科医生思维和工作的能力。

从第二段来推断，该段最后一句中所谓“伤害病人”显然不是指医生或护士说有损病人的粗话，导致病人受到伤害，而是说粗话能影响医生的思维和倾向，使他们的判断能力受到影响，从而降低他们的工作能力。可见，粗话对病人的伤害不是直接的伤害，而是一种间接的伤害。

[B]意为：给病人施加很大的身心压力。

[C]意为：招致第三方医生的粗鲁评论。

[D]意为：再造一个不真实的生死境况。

2.[D] 意为：他们当医生的能力令人可悲可叹。

第三段对实验过程进行了描述。从中可见，被试的组（受试）不止一个，而控制组只有一个。所谓的“观察者”或美国专家实际上是不存在的，他对受试组所作的评论也是事先录制好的，而且这些评论都是贬低甚至侮辱受试小组（以色列医生和护士）的话。其中的两段录音都提到以色列医生和护士的医疗水平不够格。研究者的目的是想看一看这些负面评论对医生和护士的工作质量产生什么样的不良效果。

[A]意为：他们可以记录正在发生的事情。

[B]意为：观察者将不作任何评价。

[C]意为：他们必须在一周内辞职。

3.[A] 意为：更努力尝试但做得更糟。

第四段提到，听到粗鲁的评论后，医生和护士极力想配合、想交流、想有效地做好工作，但是由于他们的情绪已经受到严重影响，他们无法保持平静的心情，失去了判断力，结果造成他们的工作表现直线下降（plummet）。可见，正确答案表达的内容较好地概括了这两个方面。也正是因为如此，作者说这样的结果“具有戏剧性”。

[B]意为：感到尴尬。

[C]意为：迁怒于病人。

[D]意为：失去自我控制。

4.[B] 意为：粗鲁伤害工作记忆和能力。

第五段提到，新的研究结果与以前的研究是一致的，它们都证明粗鲁能破坏人的工作记忆。工作记忆与各种认知能力有关，因此对工作记忆的影响势必导致对各种能力的损害。

[A]意为：我们倾向于忽视粗鲁这样的小侵扰。

[C]意为：工作记忆在病人的治疗中起关键作用。这不是本文提到的研究的发现，该研究并没有研究工作记忆的作用，它重点研究的是：在医疗场合下使用粗鲁语言对医生和护士的工作质量造成的损害。

[D]意为：粗鲁像传染病一样能传给其他人。

5.[C] 意为：后果。

这个词的意思是“结果，后果”。从最后一段中该词所在句的上下文来看，上一句是在谈consequences，下一句谈到effects，由此推断，这句中的ramifications跟consequences和effects是同义词。

[A]意为：治疗。

[B]意为：纠正，救治。

[D]意为：表现。

练习

◎ Ⅰ.Cloze

According to the Center for Disease Control, autism continues to climb with 8 year old boys much more often than girls. 1 makes matters worse is the fact that many boys with autism are also 2 with ADHD. These disorders severely 3 the learning process in the classroom environment and 4 to a lifelong economic burden both for the suffering 5 and society.

It is 6 that families receive the support they need to prevent and manage these disorders which 7 occur together. Proper management requires an understanding of the causes. One cause 8 with both disorders is exposure 9 heavy metals found in a poor diet. Heavy metal exposures may occur from the consumption of highly 10 foods that contain ingredients 11 allowable concentrations of lead and inorganic mercury. 12 , these heavy metals may 13 in blood especially when diet does not include adequate minerals to support the gene activity needed to digest and emit them. Researchers recently found higher blood lead and mercury levels are 14 with the severity of social and cognitive 15 in children with autism.

How do we know for 16 there is a link between dietary exposure to these two 17 heavy metals and autism and/or ADHD? Long ago, a research team found a significant and independent 18 relationship between dietary calcium intake and blood lead concentrations. What this means is children who consumed less calcium rich food had higher blood lead concentrations. Almost everyone knows higher blood lead concentration is a 19 risk factor for the development of ADHD and developmental 20 in all children.

1.[A]What

[B]Which

[C]Whatever

[D]Whichever

2.[A]contracted

[B]estimated

[C]diagnosed

[D]endowed

3.[A]impose

[B]impact

[C]interfere

[D]intervene

4.[A]bring

[B]cause

[C]result

[D]lead

5.[A]personnel

[B]participant

[C]applicant

[D]individual

6.[A]imperative

[B]dubious

[C]prominent

[D]feasible

7.[A]always

[B]often

[C]seldom

[D]never

8.[A]adhered

[B]affiliated

[C]associated

[D]collaborated

9.[A]in

[B]with

[C]to

[D]among

10.[A]purified

[B]imported

[C]balanced

[D]processed

11.[A]with

[B]for

[C]about

[D]in

12.[A]However

[B]Furthermore

[C]In fact

[D]For instance

13.[A]assemble

[B]accumulate

[C]assimilate

[D]accomplish

14.[A]correlated

[B]compensated

[C]consolidated

[D]complicated

15.[A]misfortune

[B]discrepancy

[C]impairment

[D]disgrace

16.[A]positive

[B]sure

[C]definite

[D]certainty

17.[A]exceptional

[B]universal

[C]unique

[D]particular

18.[A]inverse

[B]negative

[C]contrary

[D]sinister

19.[A]kept

[B]learned

[C]known

[D]chosen

20.[A]break

[B]pause

[C]delay

[D]suspension

◎ Ⅱ.Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解

★Passage One

American scientists have located a virus that attacks human DNA, which may cause those infected to be less intelligent, impairing brain activity, learning and memory. Researchers from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the University of Nebraska have identified traces of an algal virus, known as ATCV-1, which appeared to lessen mental capacity.

The researchers had originally been working on an unrelated study into throat microbes when they unexpectedly located traces of ATCV-1 in human DNA samples. At first the research team, led by Dr Robert Yolken of Johns Hopkins, didn't know what ATCV-1 was, and had to carry out a database search to find out more about the unknown virus. ATCV-1 typically infects a species of green algae found in lakes and rivers, and has not previously been known to infect humans. However, when Yolken's team screened a group of 92 healthy volunteers who were taking part in a study on cognitive function, the virus was found to be present in 43.5% of them.

According to the study, those infected with the virus performed around 10% worse on tests analysing visual processing speeds. In one test, infected volunteers were slower to draw a line connecting a sequence of numbers randomly distributed on a page than their uninfected counterparts. 1）The researchers found that the presence of the virus was linked to lower attention spans and decreased spatial awareness, and a“statisti-cally significant decrease in the performance on cognitive assessments of visual processingand visual motor speed”. Researchers found no connection between slower brain function and variables such as differences in sex, education level, income, race, and even cigarette smoking.

The team carried out further tests, in which they injected uninfected and infected green algae into the mouths of mice and put them through a series of lab tests. The results revealed that infected animals took 10% longer to find their way out of mazes and spent 20% less time exploring new objects than uninfected mice, conforming to the findings amongst human volunteers. According to the study, the virus appeared to impair the“learning, memory formation, and the immune response to viral exposure”of the mice.

2）Professor James L. Van Etten, a member of the research team, said that little is currentlyknown a-bout how the virus could be transmitted to humans in such abundance, but that theyhad no reason to believe that the viruses are contagious among people or animals. “My best guess is that these viruses may infect an-other microorganism besides the algae that we have been studying. This other microorganism may be the way that the virus gets into the throat, ”he added.

1.American researchers believe that ________.

[A]impairing the brain reduces mental power

[B]memory and intelligence are closely linked

[C]they have found new uses for green algae

[D]they have discovered“stupidity virus”

2.The researchers accidentally located the virus ________.

[A]in human throats

[B]in lakes and rivers

[C]in mice being studied

[D]in a virus database

3.Those infected with the virus had worse performance in ________.

[A]speeding up information-processing

[B]coordinating the eyes and limbs

[C]finding connection between statistics

[D]identifying important variables

4.Further experiments indicate that infected mice ________.

[A]refused to eat green algae

[B]resisted virus injection

[C]became less curious

[D]infected human volunteers

5.Van Etten said that the team has yet to identify ________.

[A]any potential indicators of the virus's presence in humans

[B]the way green algae pass on the virus to other microorganisms

[C]the difference of the viruses affecting humans and mice

[D]the way the viruses impair the cognitive function of humans

【疑难长句翻译与注解】

1.American scientists have located...memory.（第一段）

【译文】美国科学家已经找到了一种攻击人类DNA的病毒，它可能使感染者智商变低，损伤大脑的活动、学习和记忆能力。

【注解】which和that虽然都引导定语从句，但二者代表的内容不同：that代替virus，而which代表“病毒攻击人的DNA”这一现象。impairing引导的分词短语对cause those infected to be less intelligent做出具体说明，即他们在哪些方面变得less intelligent。

2.The researchers had originally...samples.（第二段）

【译文】研究者起初在对咽喉微生物进行另一项研究，在那时，他们出乎意料地在人类DNA采样中找到了ATCV-1的痕迹。

【注解】本句中的when表达的意思并不是“当……时候”，而是“在那时”，这种用法的when从句一般放在主句后。词组work on意为“研究，致力于”, unrelated study是说对throat microbes的研究跟ATCV-1的研究没有直接联系，throat microbes指引起喉咙感染的病菌。

3.In one test, infected volunteers...counterparts.（第三段）

【译文】在一次测验中，受感染的志愿者被要求画线连接一系列数字，这些数字随机分布在一张纸上，他们连线的速度低于未受感染的人。

【注解】one test指测试视觉处理速度的测验，infected volunteers指感染了ATCV-1病毒并自愿参与实验的人；randomly distributed on a page是过去分词短语，作定语修饰numbers，是说这些数字随机分布在纸上；uninfected counterparts也是指自愿参与者，但是他们没有感染病毒。

4.The results revealed that...human volunteers.（第四段）

【译文】结果显示，与未受感染的老鼠相比，受感染的老鼠多花了10%的时间才走出迷宫，并且少花了20%的时间探索新物体，这一发现与在人类志愿者身上的发现相一致。

【注解】这里所谓花更少时间去exploring new objects，指它们的好奇心下降，对事物缺乏新鲜感。conforming to the findings among human volunteers指与第三段提到的那项关于人类的研究的结果相一致。

★Passage Two

Do doctors grieve when their patients die? In a paper, my colleagues and I report what we found in our research about oncologists and patient loss:Not only do doctors experience grief, but suppressing the emotion also has negative consequences for the doctors themselves, as well as for the quality of care they provide. Our study took place from 2010 to 2011 in three Canadian hospitals.We recruited and interviewed 20 oncologists who varied in age, sex and ethnicity and had a wide range of experience in the field—from a year and a half in practice to more than 30 years.3）Using a qualitative empirical method known as grounded theory, we analyzed the data by systematically coding each interview transcript line byline for themes and then comparing the findings from each interview across all interviews tosee which themes stood out most robustly.

We found that oncologists struggled to manage their feelings of grief with the detachment they felt was necessary to do their job.More than half of our participants reported feelings of failure, self-doubt, sadness and powerlessness as part of their grief experience, and a third talked about feelings of guilt, loss of sleep and crying.Our study indicated that grief in the medical context is considered shameful and unprofessional.Even though participants wrestled with feelings of grief, they hid them from others because showing emotion was considered a sign of weakness.In fact, many remarked that our interview was the first time they had been asked these questions or spoken about these emotions at all.

The impact of all this unacknowledged grief was exactly what we don't want our doctors to experience:inattentiveness, impatience, irritability, emotional exhaustion and burnout.Even more distressing, half our participants reported that their discomfort with their grief over patient loss could affect their treatment decisions with subsequent patients—leading them, for instance, to provide more aggressive chemotherapy, to put a patient in a clinical trial, or to recommend further surgery when moderate care might be a better option.One oncologist in our study remarked:“I see an inability sometimes to stop treatment when treatment should be stopped and when treatment's clearly futile.”

4）It's worth noting that oncologists and other physicians who are dealingwith end-of-life issues are right to put up some emotional boundaries:no one wants their doctor to be walking around openly grief-stricken.Oncologists are not trained to deal with their own grief, and they need to be.In addition to providing such training, we need to normalize death and grief as a natural part of life, especially in medical settings.

1.The authors find it does the profession no good for doctors to ________.

[A]feel grief at the loss of their patients

[B]avoid experiencing and talking about grief

[C]feel detached when treating dying patients

[D]provide better care for dying patients

2.The study analyzed the interviews with the doctors and tried to ________.

[A]identify the reoccurring themes

[B]reassure grief-stricken doctors

[C]decode each line in its context

[D]compare themes between the lines

3.All of the following are found to be true about doctors except that ________.

[A]they have been required to accept death with detachment

[B]they feel ashamed when they fail to save their patients

[C]they seldom make their sad feelings known to colleagues

[D]the feelings of grief make them shameful and powerless

4.Doctors use more aggressive treatment on subsequent patients probably because ________.

[A]they feel all the more urged to save their patients

[B]they can let out their suppressed feelings in this way

[C]they want to do more medical experiment on patients

[D]they are made distressed and exhausted by patients

5.To help doctors to cope, the authors insist that ________.

[A]doctors stop experiencing and talking about grief

[B]doctors change their relationship with their patients

[C]doctors be trained to handle their emotional responses

[D]grief-stricken doctors not express their grief openly

【疑难长句翻译与注解】

1.We found that oncologists...their job.（第二段）

【译文】我们发现，肿瘤学家以他们认为当医生所必要的冷静，努力控制着自己的悲伤情绪。

【注解】manage their feelings of grief指控制自己的悲伤情绪，detachment意为“冷静，超然，客观”。

2.The impact of all this...and burnout.（第三段）

【译文】所有这些未被承认的悲伤所带来的影响，恰恰是我们不希望自己的医生经历的：不专注、不耐烦、易怒、情绪疲惫和劳累。

【注解】这个句子的基本意思是：如果医生感到悲伤，他们会变得精力不集中和不耐烦等，这正是我们不希望在医生身上看到的情绪。我们希望医生冷静，内心平和，不容易受外界干扰。

3.Even more distressing...better option.（第三段）

【译文】更令人忧虑的是，一半的参与者报告说，因悲痛病人的死亡而感到的不适，能影响他们对其后病人的治疗决策——比如促使他们使用更大胆的化学疗法，对病人进行临床试验，或是在适度的治疗可能是更好的选择时却推荐进一步做手术治疗。

【注解】participant指接受研究的肿瘤医生，with their grief修饰discomfort，而over patient loss修饰grief。

Part B 选择搭配

Directions：

In the following article, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.

The American Medical Association（AMA）has just adopted an official policy statement about street lighting:cool it and dim it.The statement, adopted unanimously at the AMA's annual meeting in Chicago on June 14, comes in response to the rise of new LED street lighting sweeping the country.An AMA committee issued guidelines on how communities can choose LED streetlights to“minimize potential harmful human health and environmental effects.”

Municipalities are replacing existing streetlights with efficient and long-lasting LEDs to save money on energy and maintenance.1）________.

The AMA's statement recommends that outdoor lighting at night, particularly street lighting, should have a color temperature of no greater than 3000 Kelvin（K）.Color temperature（CT）is a measure of the spectral content of light from a source:how much blue, green, yellow and red there is in it; and a higher CT rating generally means greater blue content, and the whiter the light appears.

A white LED at CT 4000K or 5000K contains a high level of short-wavelength blue light; this has been the choice for a number of cities that have recently retrofitted their street lighting such as Seattle and New York.

2）________.

Can communities have more efficient lighting without causing health and safety problems？

An incandescent bulb（白炽灯泡）has a color temperature of 2400K, which means it contains far less blue and far more yellow and red wavelengths.3）________ .What we have now is very different.

The new“white”LED street lighting which is rapidly being retrofitted in cities throughout the country has two problems, according to the AMA.The first is discomfort and glare.Because LED light is so concentrated and has high blue content, it can cause severe glare, resulting in pupillary constriction in the eyes.Blue light scatters more in the human eye than the longer wavelengths of yellow and red, and sufficient levels can damage the retina.This can cause problems seeing clearly for safe driving or walking at night.4）________ .Street lighting can have this same effect, especially if its blue content is high and there is not appropriate shielding.

The other issue addressed by the AMA statement is the impact on human circadian rhythmicity.It is estimated that white LED lamps have five times greater impact on circadian sleep rhythms than conventional street lamps.Recent large surveys found that brighter residential nighttime lighting is associated with reduced sleep times, dissatisfaction with sleep quality, excessive sleepiness, impaired daytime functioning and obesity.

5）________ .For instance, poorly designed LED lighting disorients some bird, insect, turtle and fish species, and U.S.national parks have adopted optimal lighting designs and practices that minimize the effects of light pollution on the environment.

Recognizing the detrimental effects of poorly-designed, high-intensity LED lighting, the AMA encourages communities to minimize and control blue-rich environmental lighting by using the lowest emission of blue light possible to reduce glare.The AMA recommends an intensity threshold for optimal LED lighting that minimizes blue-rich light.The AMA also recommends all LED lighting should be properly shielded to minimize glare and detrimental human health and environmental effects, and consideration should be given to utilize the ability of LED lighting to be dimmed for off-peak time periods.

[A]You can sense this easily if you look directly into one of the control lights on your new washing machine or other appliance:it is very difficult to do because it hurts.

[B]But in the wake of these installations there have been complaints about the harshness of these lights.An extreme example is the city of Davis, California, where the residents demanded a complete replacement of these high color temperature LED street lights.

[C]According to the AMA statement, street lighting is an important component of light pollution and one of the considerations of lighting the night is its impact on human health.

[D]Although the streetlights are delivering these benefits, the AMA's stance reflects how important proper design of new technologies is and the close connection between light and human health.

[E]The need for energy efficiency is serious, but so too is minimizing human risk from bad lighting, both due to glare and to circadian disruption.

[F]The detrimental effects of high-intensity LED lighting are not limited to humans.Excessive outdoor lighting disrupts many species that need a dark environment.

[G]Before electric light, we burned wood and candles at night; this artificial light has a CT of about 1800K, quite yellow/red and almost no blue.

【疑难长句翻译与注解】

1.Color temperature（CT）is a measure...the light appears.（第三段）

【译文】色温（CT）是衡量一个光源发出的光的光谱含量的度量单位，表明有多少蓝光、绿光、黄光、红光在其中。更高的色温意味着更多的蓝光，并且灯光显得更白一些。

【注解】此句是一个并列句，分句由分号隔开。其中spectral content of light为“光谱含量”; the whiter the light appears是倒装句，虽然前面没有the more跟它配合构成“越……越”，但其实已经暗含了这个句式。

2.Because LED light is so concentrated...damage the retina.（第八段）

【译文】因为这种LED灯的光非常集中且有着大量的蓝光，它会非常刺眼，导致瞳孔收缩。蓝光比长波段的黄光和红光更容易在人眼中散射，达到足够程度后会伤害视网膜。

【注释】句中有几个关于眼部的术语，其中pupillary constriction意为“瞳孔收缩”, pupil意为“瞳孔”, pupillary是其形容词；retina意为“视网膜”。

3.Recent large surveys found...functioning and obesity.（第九段）

【译文】最近的大型调查发现，居民区夜间照明变得更亮与睡眠时间减少、睡眠质量不满意、过度困倦、白天功能状态受损及肥胖有关。

【注解】be associated with意为“与……有关联”; impaired daytime functioning实际上是说睡眠不好影响白天的正常工作和生活。

4.For instance, poorly designed LED lighting...the environment.（第十段）

【译文】例如，设计不当的LED照明使一些鸟类、昆虫、海龟和鱼类物种迷失方向，美国国家公园已采用最佳的照明设计和做法，最大限度地减少光污染对环境的影响。

【注解】此句是一个由and连接的并列句，后半句中的that引导定语从句修饰optimal lighting designs and practices。

5.The AMA also recommends all LED lighting should be...for off-peak time periods.（第十一段）

【译文】AMA还建议，所有的LED照明应予以妥善加罩，以将眩光和对人类健康和环境有害的影响降至最低，并且应考虑把LED的照明在非高峰时段调暗一些。

【注解】此句谓语recommend有两个宾语从句（and consideration之后是第二个分句），表达建议的内容。动词recommend之后that从句中使用虚拟语气，动词形式为（should）+动词原型，此处两个从句中都用了should。另外，off-peak time指非上下班高峰期。

◎ Ⅲ.Translation

Translate the underlined sentences in the Reading Passages of Part A into Chinese.

◎ Ⅳ.Writing

Part A 应用文

Directions：

Suppose Jane, one of your best friends, is going abroad for further education. There is a farewell party for her but you cannot attend it. Write a letter of apology to her. The letter should include the following points：

1）make an apology for your not attending the party，

2）explain your reasons, and

3）offer your make-up suggestions for this absence.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.

Part B 英语写作

Directions：

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should

1）describe the picture briefly，

2）interpret the meaning, and

3）give your comments.

审题指导

图中，一个年轻人在电脑前手拿鼠标在网上订餐。电脑屏幕上有各种优惠美食，还有“下单立减6元”等字样。电脑后面是餐馆的厨房工作现场。厨房很脏，餐盒和锅的上方飞着苍蝇，锅旁边还有几个很脏的瓶子，锅里炖的食物看上去也很脏。这幅图反映了当前一个热点话题——网络订餐，也就是点外卖。外卖因其方便快捷、价格便宜等好处，很受现代都市各类人群的欢迎。人们可以在空闲的时间下单，然后一边做其他事情一边等餐。

但外卖不可避免地会带来一些问题，比如使用过期的食材、违规超量使用添加剂等食品安全问题。送餐人员为赶时间违反交通法规等安全问题。外卖每天制造大量白色垃圾，塑料袋和餐盒数量惊人，污染了自然环境。这些都需要各方参与去解决。国家需要运用法律法规来规范商家的行为，保障食品安全，送餐人员需要遵守交通法规，消费者需要自觉进行垃圾分类。

Useful Expressions

练习答案与题解

◎ Ⅰ.Cloze

1.[A] What

本题考查上下文关系的理解和句子结构。段首句介绍儿童自闭症情况（8岁男孩自闭症的患病率继续上升，比女孩严重得多），本句指出问题的严重性：更糟的是许多患自闭症的男孩同时患有多动症。本句是含有两个从句的复合句，that引导的句子（many boys...are also...）是fact的同位语从句，本题的正确选项需要既能在主语从句中作主语（其谓语为makes matter worse），又能引导该从句以is the fact为谓语，并且符合文意。本题四个选项中，Which（哪一个）在此无所指代；因本句已经明确给出许多男孩也患有多动症这一现实状况，Whichever（无论哪个，任何一个）和Whatever（无论什么）都不合逻辑，故只有What为正确答案。

2.[C] diagnosed

本题考查理解基础上的动词辨析。四个动词都是被动用法，diagnosed意为“被诊断为”，符合文意。其余选项都不正确：estimated意为“被估计，被估算”。endowed意为“被赐予，被赋予，被捐赠”。contract作及物动词有“感染，得（病）”等意思。如：The boy contracted a terrible disease abroad．这个男孩在国外患上了一种可怕的疾病。contract在表达“患病”这个意思时一般用作及物动词，无须跟with连用。

3.[B] impact

本题考查理解基础上的动词辨析。impact是及物动词，在此意为“影响，冲击”，常用于表示负面作用或不好的影响，其宾语是the learning process，符合文意：“这些疾病严重影响课堂学习过程”。impose意为“把……强加于，强制实行”，如：She should not impose her own taste on her daughter．她不该把自己的喜好强加给女儿。其余选项均为不及物动词：intervene意为“干扰，干预，介入”，一般与介词in连用；interfere意为“妨碍，打扰，干预”，接宾语时通常使用介词with。

4.[D] lead

本题考查理解基础上的动词辨析。本题只有lead与介词to搭配使用，意为“导致，引起，通向”，其余选项均不正确：cause意为“引起，导致”，是及物动词；result意为“导致”，需与介词in连用；bring也有“带来，导致”等意思，但用作不及物动词时通常要与介词about连用，如：The careless mistake later brought about their own destruction．这个粗心的错误后来导致了他们的毁灭。

5.[D] individual

本题考查理解基础上的名词辨析。从本句both...and结构看，此处应选与society对应的individual（个人）, the suffering individual在此意为“病人”，符合文意：对病人本人和社会都是经济负担。其余选项均不适用：personnel意为“（部门的）全体人员，职员”, participant意为“参与者”, applicant是apply的派生词，意为“申请人”。

6.[A] imperative

本题考查理解基础上的形容词辨析。句首It为形式主语，that引导的从句是本句逻辑主语。四个选项中，imperative意为“紧要的，必要的”, dubious意为“可疑的，怀疑的”, prominent意为“突出的，杰出的”, feasible意为“可行的，做得到的”。根据上文谈到的问题的严重性和下文提出的解决办法，本题只有imperative为正确答案，即必须给患病儿童家庭以支持。

7.[B] often

本题考查上下文理解基础上的程度副词辨析。根据上文“many boys...are also diagnosed（许多患有自闭症男童也被诊断出……）”以及文章中反复出现的“these disorders, both disorders”可以判断出，此处只有often是正确选择，表示两种病经常同时发生。其余三个程度副词不符合文意：never意为“永不，总是”, seldom意为“很少，偶然”, always意为“总是，永远”，这个词表达的意思太绝对。

8.[C] associated

本题考查上下文理解基础上的动词辨析。上句明确指出监控和治疗这两种疾病需要了解病因，本句做具体分析。associated意为“与……相关，相联系”，本句中被动形式用作cause的定语，one cause associated with both disorders即“一个与两种病都有关系的原因”，在此符合文意。其余选项均不正确：adhered意为“黏附，追随，依附于”, affiliated意为“附属”，而且这两个词通常与介词to连用；collaborated是不及物动词，意为“与……合作，协作，勾结”。

9.[C] to

本题考查理解基础上的介词辨析。名词exposure意为“暴露于，接触到”，与介词to连用，如：exposure to nuclear waste遭受核废料的辐射。本句的字面意思是“与两种疾病相关的一个原因是食用不健康食品中所含的重金属”，其余介词均不适用。

10.[D] processed

本题考查理解基础上的分词辨析。processed是动词process（加工，处理）的过去分词形式，常用作定语，highly processed foods即“深加工食品，精加工食品”。根据上下文意及本句定语从句（that contains ingredients...）提供的线索可知，processed为正确答案。其余选项均不符合文意：purified意为“提纯的，净化的”; imported意为“进口的”; balanced意为“均衡的，平衡的”, “均衡的饮食”通常用balanced diet表示。

11.[A] with

本题考查理解基础上的介词辨析。with有“带有，含有”等意思，allowable concentrations意为“可接受的浓度”, ingredients with allowable concentrations of lead and inorganic mercury即“含有允许范围内的铅和无机汞含量的食品成分”，符合题意。其余介词在此均不适用。

12.[B] Furthermore

本题考查对上下文逻辑关系的理解。上句指出食用精加工食品会摄入铅和汞等重金属，本句进一步指出这些重金属进入身体的后果，故需选择表示递进关系的Furthermore（而且，此外）。其余选项均不能正确表达与上文的逻辑关系：However（然而）表示转折，In Fact（事实上，其实，实际上）表示强调关系，也略带有转折意味，For instance（比如，例如）表示例证关系。

13.[B] accumulate

本题考查理解基础上的动词辨析。四个选项中，accumulate意为“积累，积攒”, assemble意为“集合，组合，收集”, assimilate意为“吸收，消化，同化”, accomplish意为“完成，达到（目标）”。本句讲铅和汞进入身体的后果：这些重金属可能会积存在血液里，尤其是如果饮食中没有足够的矿物质帮助所需的基因功能把它们消化排出。根据常识，通常情况下食物中的微量元素等是在体内逐渐积累起来的，故只有accumulate符合文意。

14.[A] correlated

本题考查理解基础上的动词辨析。从下文的反问句（How do we know...there is a link between...）及作者的回答可以看出，此处应选择表示患儿身体中铅与汞浓度和病症关系的单词。correlated意为“有相互关系，相互关联”，是正确答案。其余选项均不符合文意：compensated意为“补偿，弥补”, consolidated意为“加固，巩固，合并”, complicated意为“使复杂，复杂化”。

15.[C] impairment

本题考查理解基础上的名词辨析。四个选项中，impairment意为“损害，损伤，障碍”，常用于表达身体或能力方面的缺陷，如：visual impairment视力障碍，hearing impairment听觉障碍。其余选项均不符合文意：misfortune意为“灾难，不幸”, discrepancy意为“矛盾，不符”, disgrace意为“耻辱，损害名誉的事”。本句的意思是“研究者最近发现，患自闭症儿童身体内血铅和汞的较高含量与其社交和认知功能障碍的严重程度是相关的”。

16.[B] sure

本题考查理解基础上的短语搭配。for sure是固定搭配，意为“肯定，确认”，常与动词know一起使用，在此符合文意：我们怎么能确知摄入这两种重金属与自闭症和/或多动症有关呢？其余选项都不正确：definite和positive都有“肯定的”意思，但不能作介词for的宾语；certainty是名词，意为“确定性，确定的事”，如表达“肯定”，需要用词组for certain或with certainty。

17.[D] particular

本题考查理解基础上的形容词辨析。本句特指的两种重金属（these two...heavy metals）并非强调它们的不同寻常或普遍性，故排除exceptional（独特的，杰出的，例外的）和universal（普遍的，普适的，通用的）; unique意为“唯一的，独特的”，也不适用。particular意为“特定的，具体的”，强调众多事例中的具体事物，在此是正确选择。

18.[A] inverse

本题考查理解基础上的形容词辨析。inverse有“相反的，成反比的，逆向的”等含义，根据下句的解释“这意味着食用低钙食品的儿童血铅浓度比较高”，可以断定，inverse relationship在此符合文意：发现膳食中的钙摄入量与血铅浓度存在着显著的负相关关系。其余形容词修饰relationship在此均不合题意：negative意为“否定的，负面的”, contrary意为“反义的，相反的”，该词一般不用来修饰表示“关系”的名词，sinister意为“邪恶的，凶险的，有害的”。

19.[C] known

本题考查理解基础上的分词辨析。过去分词known作定语用时意为“已知的，确定的”, a known risk factor即“确认的危险因素，公认的危险因子”，在此是正确答案。kept意为“保留的，保存的”, learned意为“习得的，学会的”, chosen意为“挑选的，选中的”。

20.[C] delay

本题考查理解基础上的名词辨析。delay意为“延迟，延误”, developmental delay即“发育迟缓”，符合文意。其余选项一般不用于描述儿童的成长发育：break意为“间断，中间休息，破裂”; pause意为“暂停，停顿”; suspension是动词suspend的名词形式，意为“暂停，停职，悬浮”，通常含有“在特定时间或满足特定条件时可决定恢复原状态”的意思，如suspension from school暂令停学，her suspension from office暂停工作。

◎ Ⅱ.Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解

Passage One

1.[D] 意为：他们发现了“愚蠢病毒”。

第一段第一句非常重要，因为它不仅是第一段的主题句，而且是全文的主旨句。本文主要描述了研究者发现病毒以及用病毒做实验的过程，证明了该病毒会对智商或大脑认知功能造成损伤。通俗地说，这种病毒损害人的智商，使人变得愚蠢（less intelligent）。

[A]意为：损伤大脑降低心智能力。

[B]意为：记忆力和智力是紧密相连的。

[C]意为：他们找到了绿藻的新用途。

2.[A] 意为：在人的咽喉。

第二段描述了研究过程。从该段第一句我们了解到，研究者起初并没有研究这种病毒，而是在研究咽喉微生物时偶然发现了这种病毒。为了进一步了解这种病毒，他们又查找病毒的根源，并且核查了实验对象身上携带这一病毒的情况，结果发现其中有将近一半人携带这种病毒。

[B]意为：在湖和河流中。

[C]意为：在被研究的老鼠身上。

[D]意为：在病毒库里。

3.[B] 意为：协调眼睛与四肢。

第三段提到，受到感染后，人在很多方面的能力显著下降，其中包括visual processing和visual motor speed，这里visual当然是指眼睛，motor则指the way that you use muscles and control their movement。根据该段第二句，在画线连接数字时，参与者既需要用眼睛查找数字，也需要运用上肢肌肉完成连线。在该段引号部分中，cognitive assessments指认知能力测验，这实际上是智力测验的一种。因此所谓performance on cognitive assessments指在这些测验上的成绩或表现，而of visual processing and visual motor speed则是指测验的内容。

[A]意为：加速信息处理。第三段只是提到他们处理视觉信息比较慢，并不是说他们不能加速处理信息。

[C]意为：在数据之间找到联系。

[D]意为：找出重要变量。

4.[C] 意为：变得更不好奇。

第四段提到，研究者又用老鼠做了实验，结果显示：1）受感染的老鼠走出迷宫需要的时间更长；2）它们exploring new objects的时间更短。这说明，它们变得更加迟钝，对新事物的关注时间更短——也就是第三段提到的lower attention spans，这当然证明它们对新事物的兴趣下降。

[A]意为：拒绝吃绿藻。

[B]意为：抵制被注射病毒。

[D]意为：感染了志愿者。根据第二段，volunteers指作为实验对象的人。

5.[A] 意为：病毒存在于人身上的潜在证据。

最后一段中，Van Etten教授说，病毒是怎样以如此大的量传给人类的，这目前尚不为人所知，所以下一步的研究就是寻找病毒如何来到人体上，并对人的智商造成了破坏。

[B]意为：绿藻把病毒传染给其他微生物的方式。

[C]意为：影响人和老鼠的病毒之间的差别。

[D]意为：病毒损伤人类认知功能的方式。

Passage Two

1.[B] 意为：避免经历并谈论悲伤。

第一段提到，作者及其同事发现：（1）当病人死亡时，医生不可避免地会感到悲伤；（2）对情感上的职业禁忌会产生不良影响。这里，suppressing the emotion指抑制悲伤情绪（或不对病人的死亡做出情绪上的反应）。作者的研究发现，医生不仅的确会感到悲伤，而且压抑这种情绪对医生和医疗都会产生不良影响。因此在最后一段，作者提出要训练医生deal with their own grief，而不是简单地要求他们不能感到或表达悲伤。

[A]意为：在失去其病人时感到悲伤。

[C]意为：在治疗行将死亡的病人时感觉冷漠。

[D]意为：为行将死亡的病人提供更好的治疗。

2.[A] 意为：确认出重复出现的主题。

第一段提到，研究人员先将访谈录音，然后将录音转化为文字材料（transcript），系统地分析访谈的每一行文字，以便找出那些贯穿于所有访谈的主题。根据第三段，这些主题包括feelings of failure, selfdoubt, sadness and powerlessness, feelings of guilt, loss of sleep and crying, shameful and unprofessional，等等。

[B]意为：安慰极度悲伤的医生。

[C]意为：将每行在其情境中进行解读。

[D]意为：比较行与行之间的主题。

3.[D] 意为：悲伤的感觉使得他们感到羞愧和无助。

根据第二段，使医生感到羞愧和无助的是他们没有能够拯救病人的生命，而不是悲伤的感觉（即选择项[B]表达的内容）。因此[D]项表达的意思与文章内容不符。

[A]意为：他们被要求冷静接受死亡。在第三段第一句中，the detachment they felt was necessary to do their job即指医生按医学行业的要求不表现自己的真实感受。其中，detachment意为lack of emotion或indifference，词组do their job指行医或治疗病人。

[B]意为：他们不能拯救病人时感到羞愧。

[C]意为：他们很少告诉同事自己的悲伤心情。从第二段最后一句可以推出，医生平时很少谈论自己对死亡病人的感受。

4.[A] 意为：他们救病人的心情更迫切。

第三段提到医生掩饰悲伤感受的后果，即医生会变得更缺乏专注，做事更情绪化，对后来的病人治疗上更大胆，等等。根据上文可以做出合理推测：因为他们看到病人死亡后会产生失败感或羞愧感，因此他们想通过更大胆的治疗方案来拯救后来的病人的生命，不想让这些病人再死去。

[B]意为：用这种方式他们能释放被压抑的情感。

[C]意为：他们想在病人身上做更多医学实验。

[D]意为：他们被病人弄得沮丧而疲惫。

5.[C] 意为：医生接受培训来处理他们的情感反应。

作者在最后一段提出了建议，他们的建议不是不让医生表达悲伤的心情，而是要求医生们掌握好限度（put up some emotional boundaries），并通过专门培训，训练医生合理处理自己的悲伤（they need to be trained to deal with their own grief）。这里所谓“合理处理”当然不仅仅是指不公开表达自己的悲伤。

[A]意为：医生不再经历和谈论悲伤。

[B]意为：医生改变他们与病人的关系。

[D]意为：极度悲伤的医生不要公开表达自己的悲伤。

Part B 选择搭配

1.[D]

此题在段尾，先看前面内容。前文讲，很多城市正在使用效率更高、寿命更长的LED路灯来替换现有路灯，以降低能源消耗和维护成本。由此可知，本段涉及LED路灯的好处。快速浏览选项可发现，[D]开头的these benefits与之呼应衔接，从内容看也符合连贯性。[D]意为：虽然新路灯有这样的一些好处，但AMA的立场表明合理地使用这种新技术LED灯非常重要，灯光和人体健康之间存在紧密联系。

2.[B]

此处空缺一个段落，需要承上启下。先看上一段，主要讲的是，一个色温在4000K或5000K的白光LED灯释放出大量的短波蓝光，这种灯是目前很多更新路灯的城市的主要选择，包括西雅图和纽约。而下一段则提出一个问题：那么，社区里是否有节能而又不带来健康和安全问题的灯呢？由此可见，所空缺的部分肯定提到了LED灯的“健康和安全问题”。浏览选项可发现，[B]中讲到harshness of these lights（这种灯刺眼），而且选项B开头的in the wake of these installations（紧跟着这些灯安装之后）与上一段最后紧密衔接起来，之后讲到的例子说明人们对LED灯刺眼有很多抱怨，要求将它们换掉。这与下一段问题的内容也是衔接的。[B]意为：但在这些灯安装之后紧随而来的就是这种灯太刺眼的抱怨。一个极端案例是加州戴维斯市，市民申请全部替换掉这些高色温的LED路灯。

3.[G]

此题在段落中间，要符合段落一致性，并且要与前后句衔接连贯。前一句讲的是过去的传统白炽灯泡，其色温只有2400K，也就是说，相对于LED灯，它发出的蓝光要少得多而红光和黄光要多很多。而后一句则讲：我们现在的情况已完全不同了。可以判断，所空缺部分仍是在讲过去的情况，而只有[G]符合要求：在电灯出现前，我们夜晚烧木头或者点蜡烛照明，这种人造光的色温在1800K左右，相当黄/红，几乎没有蓝光。

4.[A]

此题在段落中间，应与上下文内容衔接连贯。先看上文，主要是讲LED灯的问题：令眼睛不舒服和刺眼，这会给安全驾驶和晚上走路带来安全问题。在下文第一句中，this same effect是关键信息词，也就是说所空缺部分仍然是关于LED灯可能会产生的刺眼效果。浏览选项可知[A]符合要求，即：你可以很容易地感觉到这一点（承接上文），试着直视你家新洗衣机或其他电器的指示灯，你会发现这很难，因为这光刺眼。

5.[F]

此题在段首，需与下文内容一致。根据下文的例子，LED灯光会让动物迷失方向，而且美国国家公园都采纳了最优化的照明设计和做法，以最大限度地降低对环境的影响。由此可知，本段讲的是LED灯对自然及环境的影响。[F]大意：LED灯的有害影响不仅限于人类，过度的室外照明还干扰了许多需要黑暗环境的物种。

◎ Ⅲ.Translation

1.这是一个主从复合句。在本句的宾语从句中，介词to后面有三个并列的宾语，其中lower attention span指注意力持续时间更短，decreased spatial awareness指空间感觉下降。在stastistically...motor speed这个宾语中，visual processing指视觉处理能力，visual motor speed指视觉与运动肌的协调能力，如眼睛看到某物后四肢是否能迅速做出反应，这两种能力都属于认知能力的范围；assessment指对这两种能力进行测试，performance指测试的结果或成绩。因此，statistically significant decrease指测试统计结果显示，这两种能力都有显著减弱。本句可译成：研究者发现，病毒的存在与下列三种现象有关联：注意力时段更短，空间意识降低，“对视觉处理和视觉—运动速度所做的认知测验成绩从统计学上来看显著降低”。

2.这是一个主从复合句，其中由but连接的两个that引导的从句都作said的宾语。在第一个宾语从句中，how引导的从句作about的宾语，其中in such abundance意为“以如此大的量”。在第二个宾语从句中，they指研究小组的人员，contagious意为“传染的”。本句可译成：研究小组成员詹姆斯·L．范艾腾教授说，目前，对于病毒可能怎样大量传播到人身上还知之甚少，但是他们没有理由相信病毒在人或畜中传染。

3.这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干结构是Using...we analyzed the data by systematically coding...and then comparing...，其中，介词by引导两个动名词短语，一是coding...for themes，二是comparing... robustly。本句中，qualitative指定性研究，区别于quantitative（定量研究）; empirical method指实证研究方法。名词transcript指将录音转换为文字，stand out意为“突出”。本句中所说的theme指第二段中提到的那些情绪内容，包括悲伤、失败感、自我怀疑、无能为力等感觉。本句可译成：我们使用一种被称为扎根理论的定性实证方法对数据进行了分析，我们系统地对采访录音材料一行行地编码找出主题，然后将每一次采访中的发现放到所有的采访中进行比较，以观察哪些主题最为突出。

4.这是一个主从复合句，其中it是形式主语，代替现在分词短语noting...grief-stricken。在这个分词短语中，that引导的从句作noting的宾语；在这个宾语从句中，who...issues是定语从句，修饰oncologists and other physicians。动词note意为“指出，注意到”, end-of-life issues指临终事宜，put up意为“设立，确立”, grief-stricken指悲痛至极的状态。这个句子的基本意思是说：医生能冷静对待病人的死亡非常重要。本句可译成：值得注意的是，处理临终事宜的肿瘤学家以及其他医生划出一些情感分界线是正确的：没有人希望自己的医生走来走去公开表示极度悲伤。

◎ Ⅳ.Writing

Sample for reference:

Part A 应用文

Dear Jane，

I am really sorry that I cannot attend the farewell party for you this weekend. You know I have been preparing for the CPA test. It is scheduled for the coming Saturday. This test is important for me, as I will start looking for a job by the end of this term. Once I pass the exam, I will get the certificate, which will certainly give me more job opportunities.

Though I cannot attend the party, I have prepared a gift for you and asked Jenny to take it to you. If you are back from America for Chinese New Year, I will meet you at the airport and invite you to dinner.

I apologize to you again for my absence. Enjoy the party and have a pleasant journey.

Yours sincerely, Li Ming

Part B 英语写作

In the picture, we can see a young man is ordering takeout online before a computer screen, with food offered at discounted prices. Behind the screen is the dirty environment of the kitchen of the restaurant. This picture obviously tries to reveal the problems with takeout food, which is worth our concern.

For one thing, we have to admit there are certain benefits with takeout food. To begin with, it is very convenient to order food online with our cellphone, saving us much time and money. Unlike the case in the restaurant, we can do other things while waiting for our food. Moreover, there is a greater diversity of food available online than we can find at school canteens. So, we will have more choices to meet our taste.

However, we cannot neglect the side effects of takeout food. In the first place, as revealed in the picture, the quality or even the safety cannot be guaranteed, which may be harmful to our health. In the second place, this industry leads to huge amounts of pollution to the environment. We can see a lot of plastic bags or containers thrown away every day.

From my perspective, we had better be rational towards this issue. Ordering takeout may bring us certain positive effects. On the other hand, there can be some problems. The government is supposed to enforce laws more strictly and punish those illegal behaviors. We are advised to pay more attention to the environment protection after ordering food online.